Theos-Talk Archives (December 2002 Message tt00697)

TO FURTHER RESEARCH THIS SUBJECT, USE THE SEARCH TERMS INCLUDED IN 
THE DETAILED TOPICAL INDEX, BOTH IN YOUR GENERAL INTERNET SEARCH 
ENGINES, AND AT THE USA NATIONAL LIBRARY OF MEDICINE PUBMED / MEDLINE 
SEARCH PROGRAM. 

SEE BELOW MY INTRODUCTORY LETTER FOR THE GENERAL TABLE OF CONTENTS 
AND THEN MY DETAILED TOPICAL INDEX.

Subject: MY 2001 MEDICAL BIO-ETHICS REPORT ON SEX 
DIFFERENTIATION ....INTRODUCTION AND DETAILED TOPICAL INDEX 

From: "Bhakti Ananda Goswami" <bhakti.eohn@v...> 
Subject: RECENT SURVEY OF THE SCIENTIFIC LITERATURE REGARDING SEX 
DIFFERENTIATION




From: Bhakti Ananda 

DEAR SISTERS, BROTHERS AND OTHERS, 

COVER LETTER TO MY RECENT SURVEY OF THE SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH REGARDING 
SEX DIFFERENTIATION AND SEX DIMORPHIC BEHAVIOR

To Whom it may concern,


Peace and prema (divine love) to you ! My name is David Sherman aka 
Bhakti Ananda Goswami. I am a research historian by training, and 
also have some scientific and medical background. As a Catholic 
hermit and Vaishnava Siksha Master and religious counselor, I have 
knowned and ministered to intersexed and transgendered persons for 
over 30 years. I thought you might like to see this. As both a 
person involved with the pastoral counseling of sex and gender-
different people, and as an intersexed person myself, I am concerned 
about the sad state of humanity's general mal education regarding 
sexual differentiation and biologically determined sexually dimorphic 
behavior. After searching a major bioethics institute site, and 
finding no reference at all to human intersex (previously called 
hermaphroditism), or the basic biological and medical ethics issues 
of sex assignment and gender identity, I decided to personally try to 
address this apalling lack of information.

So, I went on the internet. Using my research, scientific and medical 
background, I began searching the U.S. National Library of Medicine 
and the Internet in general for outstanding up-to-date research on 
sex differentiation and sex dimorphic behavior in vertebrates. For 
the purpose of establishing a biological baseline of information, 
regarding the real 'facts of lfe', I especially focused on intersex 
(hermaphroditic) conditions in both animals and humans, as 
illustrative of the complexities of sex differentiation and sex-
dimorphic related behavior. There was such a tremendous amount of 
relevant information that I selected only about one out of every 20 
papers that I read, and downloaded an abstract of it. I organized 
all these references and abstracts into categories and compiled a 
report on my entire survey of the literature. I'm sure it is a 
unique resource on the neuroendocrinology, and the chromosomal, 
reproductive, and phenotypic differentiation of sex and sex-dimorphic 
behavior in vertebrates. 



Sometimes in the struggle for human rights and justice, it is 
necessary to disturb people with the facts. The facts of sex 
differentiation are profoundly different than what most even well-
educated people, and even medical field professionals imagine. 
Medical intervention based on erroneous ideas harms people. It is 
past time that we came out of the Victorian era pseudo-scientific 
idea of what makes us male or female, and face the reality of our 
complex physical and psycho-social sexuality. Sex is not a simple 
matter of chromosomes, internal and external organs. There are XX 
sex-reversed men and XY sex-reversed women, and every possible 
condition between these extremes and the normal of XX= female and XY= 
male. These variations occur pervasively in both humans and in 
subhuman species. Intersex conditions are common in humanity and in 
the rest of nature, and they are on the rise due to pollution and 
related 'environmental estrogens'. There is such a vast amount of 
internet accessible information on environmental estrogens alone, and 
the consequent 'intersex' feminization of all males, including 
humans, due to estrogenic endocrine disruptors in the environment, 
that I included a special section on it in the report.



Please note that the report's focus is not either 'transexualism' or 
same-sex sexual orientation, etc.; however, important fundamental 
truths relative to these conditions are found throughout. Also note 
that the term sex-reversal does not refer to human transexualism, but 
to documented biological states of hermaphroditic "sex-reversal" (the 
scientific term) found in both animals and humans; for example, the 
rodent species with both XX and XY 'sex reversed' females. 



I hope that you find this information useful. Sex and gender justice 
is a fundamental human rights issue. I am a religious person, and to 
me, much of the religious community's problem regarding sex and 
sexuality is based not at all in religion, but in secular 19th-
century erroneous ideas about sex. Religions are relying on these 
flawed ideas to define humans not by their persons, but according to 
bad, outdated 19th century science. Under the old system, every baby 
was assigned a sex at birth, based on specific and sometimes 
irrelevant parts. Sometimes the sex assignment was erroneous, 
resulting in a tragic life for the child and family. With the 
advent of chromosome testing, a new way to err in sex assignment was 
introduced, and with it came more great injustice and more suffering 
for intersexed persons. Modern science tells us that intersexuality 
in most species is much more common than previously recognised, and 
reaching 'epidemic' status due to the global problem of environmental 
estrogens, or estrogen-mimicing endocrine disruptors. This is a 
problem that is not going away, and is in fact creating a crisis in 
the bioethics field, as 'gender teams' fight over how to assign sex, 
and whether or not to continue to surgically alter intersexed 
infants. Since no one system of defining a person's sex by gross 
anatomical or microscopic parts is correct / accurate in all cases, 
the ultimate, purely scientific conclusion is that all persons must 
be ultimately allowed sexual and gender self-determination. It is 
the person who is precious and inviolable. A collection of parts 
without the person is just a dead body. In the final analysis, we 
must ask each person who and what they are. We should no longer 
tolerate the sexual mutilation of helpless intersexed infants, as 
their 'gender team' guesses what they will grow up to be, and removes 
the parts that they don't want ! The outcome of these surgeries on 
non consenting babies is often tragic, as the doctors commonly guess 
wrong, condemning the patient to a life of misery.

We must move to a new paradigm for defining people, which abandons 
19th-century pseudo-scientific, impersonal and invalid definitions of 
people based on any particular collection of parts. Our new 
spiritual and human rights-centered paradigm must be personal, not 
impersonal, and people, not parts-centered / oriented. Parts exist 
to serve people, and people should define their parts, not the other 
way around. Intersexed infants should not be routinely castrated or 
otherwise sexually mutilated , and adults should be allowed 
corrective surgeries and sex reassignment when needed. Doctors and 
pastors need to begin serving the best medical, emotional and 
social / legal interests of their patients. Educators need to 
introduce the truth about intersexuality into our educational 
systems. 



The best scientific information should inform all our medical and 
pastoral care of souls. In the absence of such education, sex and 
gender-variant, and even 'normal' people suffering via a loved-one 
from some sex or gender-related problems in life, are not cared for 
appropriately either medically, psychosocially or spiritually. 
Intersexed people suffer unspeakably because of this, and all their 
loved ones, as well as the rest of 'normal' society, suffer with 
them. Those of us who are aware of the problem have a responsibility 
to address it. For this reason, I am currently working on 
presenting the results of my recent research survey in book form, for 
the benefit of all those who are affected by these problems, as well 
as for the general enlightenment of society. It is astounding that 
in our time educated people still don't know the real facts of life. 
Below is a topical index to my survey of the recent scientific 
literature regarding sex differentiation and sex dimorphic behavior 
in vertebrates. I invite all interested persons to familiarize 
themselves with these facts, and thus become part of the solution, 
instead of remaining part of the mal educated problem. 



David Sherman / Bhakti Ananda Goswami



About the Author

In 1972 David Sherman, a Christian historian of religion, began his 
formal study of bhakti yoga. Over the years he served the Indian and 
global bhakti yoga Vaishnava communities at various locations and 
eventually took the vows of the renounced order of vanaprastha and 
then, after more than 20 years of study and service, the final 
religious vows of sannyasa. His sannyasi name was given and his 
traditional Indian fire sacrifice for his vows was performed by His 
Holiness Srila Radhanatha Swami of the ancient and venerable Gaudiya 
Vaishnava Lineage from Mumbai, India. Since becoming a Vaishnava 
Siksha (instructing ) Master, he has served the international 
Vaishnava community with distinction for ten years. 
David Sherman / Bhakti Ananda Goswami has a bachelor's degree, 
successfully completed the oral presentation of his master's thesis 
and has five years of accredited graduate-level college education in 
his special field of comparative bhakti (divine love) tradition 
studies. He has been honored by his college's department heads and 
faculty, and by interfaith leaders in India, Nepal and Sri Lanka for 
his pioneering discoveries in this field. He was asked to contribute 
to an important Catholic text on ecology, and his scholarly papers 
have been accepted for presentation at international academic 
conferences. He also has professional certification and extensive 
education and work experience in the medical and human services 
fields. He has especially worked with troubled youth, and in respite 
and hospice care for the multiply disabled and people with severe 
organic mental illness and brain injury. During his time as a medical 
biophysics research assistant, he also pursued his education in the 
neuro-biology of behavior as a way to improve his human services work 
in caring for the mentally and emotionally ill. 

Born with an undiagnosed intersexed condition, he was sex-assigned as 
a female at birth, and raised as a girl, but was eventually diagnosed 
with a rare form of late virilizing 'true' hermaphrodism. Then in 
his gender-ambiguous youth and young adulthood, despite his desire to 
simply live a virtuous life, he was first sexually harassed and 
persecuted by misunderstanding people as a masculine girl/lesbian and 
then, as he further masculinized, as a feminine gay man. Later after 
complete masculinization, he was subjected to experimental medical 
abuse from curious university medical 'gender groups'. After his 
legal gender re-assignment to male, he was again mislabeled by the 
uneducated as a 'transsexual' and persecuted as such. The situation 
has not improved much for intersexed persons today. Thus after a 
lifetime of being intersexed, raised as a girl, and spending his 
entire adult life as a man, Bhakti Ananda Goswami has remained amazed 
that despite the very large number of intersexed persons, the normal 
population still seems completely unaware of their existance. Like 
many intersexed persons who identify as male, he has never considered 
himself to be lesbian, gay, bisexual or transsexual, but at times has 
been persecuted as all of these, by uneducated and cruel people. 
This has given Bhakti Ananda Goswami some unique insights into the 
perception and nature of sex and gender, along with great empathy for 
persons who have been rejected and persecuted for being 'different.' 
As a result of all the persecution he personally experianced, , in 
2001 he decided, with the permission of his family, to make a public 
statement about his medical condition and to publicly use his 
extensive experience and education in the field of behavioral neuro-
biology to help others suffering from medical and pastoral abuse and 
various forms of misunderstanig and persecution. As a public service, 
he is now providing a Topical Index to his pioneering 2001 review of 
the scientific literature regarding sex differentiation and sex-
dimorphic behavior in vertebral species including man. Following his 
topical index (immediately below), is an article about homosexuality 
derived in part from his pastoral experiance with sex and gender 
different people, and from his recent review of the research 
literature on sex differentiation and sex dimorphic behavior in 
vetebrates. 

In spite of illness related to post-polio syndrome, Bhakti Ananda 
Goswami has continued his service to the Vaishnava community through 
religious scholarship and pastoral care. In 2001 he was appointed 
Coordinator to establish an Interfaith Committee for the World 
Vaishnava Association, and as a Catholic he has continued his 
Christian bhakti-yoga practice of life-long devotion to Jesus Christ. 
He advocates holiness of life for everyone in both celibate chastity 
and marital faithfulness, believing that sensual self-mastery is a 
key to both self-respect and the spiritual freedom to love 
unconditionally. 



----------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------




IMPROVING MEDICAL AND PASTORAL RESPONSES

TO THE NEEDS OF INTERSEX PERSONS



A Resource




SEX DIFFERENTATION AND BEHAVIOR, AN INTRODUCTION TO
ANIMAL AND HUMAN STUDIES



Compiled by David Sherman

August, 2001


TABLE OF CONTENTS


OVERVIEW




SECTION I


AN INTRODUCTION TO THE BIOLOGY OF SEX DIFFERENTIATION, AND THE

ROLE OF NEUROENDOCRINOLOGY IN SEX DIMORPHIC BEHAVIOR



A. SOME DEFINITIONS, SOURCES AND EXPERTS



B. THE INCREASE OF ENDOCRINE DISRUPTERS IN THE ENVIRONMENT AND THEIR 
GROWING INFLUENCE ON SEX DIFFERENTIATION IN ALL SPECIES,INCLUDING THE 
HUMAN SPECIES



C. SEX HORMONES, NEUROLOGY AND BEHAVIOR 





SECTIONS II THROUGH VII: ANIMAL STUDIES


II COLD BLOODED SPECIES



III AVIAN SPECIES



IV RODENT SPECIES



V CANINE AND OTHER SPECIES



VI BOVINE AND OTHER SPECIES



VII PRIMATE SPECIES







SECTIONS VIII THROUGH XIII: HUMAN STUDIES


SEX DIFFERENTIATION AND BEHAVIOR, SEX REVERSAL AND INTERSEX:

WHEN GENOTYPE DOES, AND DOES NOT, PREDICT PHENOTYPE



SECTION VIII



CHROMOSOMES, HORMONES, BODY AND BEHAVIOR IN THE HUMAN SPECIES,

BIOLOGICAL SEX REVERSAL, INTERSEX AND GENDER IDENTITY



A. SOME DEFINITIONS OF INTERSEX, SOURCES AND EXPERTS



B. CHROMOSOMES AND SEX DIFFERENTIATION,

SEX REVERSAL AND INTERSEX CONDITIONS



C. INTERSEX, GENDER IDENTITY, BEHAVIOR AND SEXUAL ORIENTATION,

SEX HORMONES AND THE SEXUAL DIMORPHISM OF THE BRAIN





SECTIONS IX THROUGH XIII



SOME SPECIFIC DISORDERS, ESTIMATES OF FREQUENCY,

CHALLENGES IN DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT





IX KLINEFELTER SYNDROME



X 'TRUE' HERMAPHRODITISM



XI SEX REVERSAL SYNDROMES AND INTERSEX



A. XX MALE CONDITIONS AND CAH RELATED INTERSEX



B. XY FEMALE CONDITIONS AND AIS RELATED INTERSEX



XII PENILE AND VAGINAL DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS

AND THE SURGICAL STANDARD OF TREATMENT



XIII EXAMPLES OF SOME OTHER INTERSEX CONDITIONS


**********************************************************************
**********

DETAILED TOPICAL INDEX




SECTION I


AN INTRODUCTION TO THE BIOLOGY OF SEX DIFFERENTIATION AND THE 

ROLE OF NEUROENDOCRINOLOGY IN SEX DIMORPHIC BEHAVIOR



I A. SOME DEFINITIONS, SOURCES AND EXPERTS



1 MIT DEFINITION OF NEUROENDOCRINOLOGY, AND A LIST OF PUBLICATIONS

2 EXAMPLE, TOPICAL SEARCH, HORMONES, BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR IN VERTEBRATES

3 VOLUMES ON HORMONES, BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR EDITED BY J. BALTHAZART

4 PROCEEDINGS OF THE 5th INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON HORMONES, BRAIN 
AND BEHAVIOR 

5 EXAMPLES OF SEX RELATED NEUROENDOCRINOLOGY STUDIES, FROM A LIST OF 
PUBLICATIONS ON REVIEWED JOURNALS, ALESSANDRA D. GENAZZANI

6 TEXT REFERENCE "HORMONALLY INDUCED CHANGES IN MIND & BRAIN" BY J. 
SCHULKIN



I B. THE INCREASE OF ENDOCRINE DISRUPTERS IN THE ENVIRONMENT, AND 
THEIR GROWING INFLUENCE ON ALL SPECIES, INCLUDING HUMAN SEX 
DIFFERENTIATION



7 THE USA NATIONAL LIBRARY OF MEDICINE SIS SOURCE, AND SIS TOXNET 
DART / DEVELOPMENTAL AND REPRODUCTIVE TOXICOLOGY INFORMATION SERVICE

8 MEDLINE REFERENCE TO THE ENDOCRINOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL ESTROGENS 
ENDOCRINE SOCIETY ETC. RESOURCES

9 NATIONAL WOMEN'S HEALTH INFORMATION CENTER REFERENCE SHEET ON 
ENVIRONMENTAL HORMONES 

10 THE ENDOCRINE SOCIETY, PATIENT FACT SHEET ON THE HUMAN HEALTH 
DANGERS OF ENVIRONMENTAL ESTROGENS, "FEMINIZATION OF MALE OFFSPRING" 
ETC.

11 EXAMPLE ; TOPICAL SEARCH, HEALTH EFFECTS OF ENDOCRINE DISRUPTERS

12 REPRODUCTIVE EFFECTS OF ENVIRONMENTAL ESTROGENS, DR. EARL GRAY, 
USA, EPA

13 ENDOCRINOLOGY INTEREST GROUP PRESENTATION, ACTH AND PHENOTYPIC 
HETEROGENEITY 

14 TULANE UNIVERSITY, EMERGING FIELD OF STUDY, ENVIRONMENTAL 
ENDOCRINE DISRUPTERS

15 TURKU UNIVERSITY, FINLAND, SEXUAL DIFFERENTIATION AND 
ENVIRONMENTAL ENDOCRINE DISRUPTERS 

16 EXAMPLE, TOPICAL SEARCH ENVIRONMENTAL ESTROGENS, HEALTH DANGERS

17 EXAMPLE, TOPICAL SEARCH, ENVIRONMENTAL ESTROGENS AND INTERSEX



I C. SEX HORMONES, NEUROLOGY AND BEHAVIOR



18 SEX HORMONE MODULATION OF NEURAL DEVELOPMENT IN VITRO

19 ROLE OF HORMONES IN SEX DIFFERENTIATION OF THE CENTRAL NERVOUS 
SYSTEM IN ANIMAL AND MAN 

20 TEXT REFERENCE, SEX-REVERSED GENE Sxr IN MAMMALS

21 EXAMPLE, TOPICAL SEARCH, HORMONAL MECHANISMS OF COOPERATIVE 
BREEDING IN PRIMATES 

22 EXAMPLE, TOPICAL SEARCH, HORMONAL MECHANISMS OF COOPERATIVE 
BREEDING IN MAMMALS

23 EXAMPLE, TOPICAL SEARCH, XY FEMALES / SEX REVERSAL

24 EXAMPLE, TOPICAL SEARCH, HORMONES AND PAIRING / PARTNER PREFERENCE 
etc.

25 EXAMPLE, TOPICAL SEARCH, HORMONES, SEX DIFFERENTIATION AND BEHAVIOR

26 EXAMPLE, TOPICAL SEARCH, CHROMOSOMES AND INTERSEX

27 EXAMPLE, TOPICAL SEARCH, OVOTESTES



SECTIONS II THROUGH VII



ANIMAL STUDIES, SEX DIFFERENTIATION AND BEHAVIOR, SEX REVERSAL AND 
INTERSEX



SECTION II



CHROMOSOMES, HORMONES, BODY AND BEHAVIOR IN COLD BLOODED SPECIES



1 XX - TO - MALE SEX REVERSAL IN SALMON

2 XY - TO - FEMALE SEX REVERSAL IN MEDAKA

3 XX AND XY DISORDERS FROM HORMONE EXPOSURE IN MEDAKA 

4 DDT- BASED ENDOCRINE DISRUPTERS CAUSE INTERSEX IN MEDAKA

5 THE SEXUALLY DIMORPHIC BRAIN STRUCTURES OF GOLDFISH

6 EFFLUENT IN RIVER ESTROGENIZES FISH

7 TEXT REFERENCE, "ATYPICAL MODES OF REPRODUCTION IN FISH"

8 NEMATODE INTERSEX AND SEX REVERSAL

9 "AMPHIBIAN SEX DETERMINATION AND SEX REVERSAL"

10 TURTLE HORMONES AND INTERSEX

11 ESTRODIAL CAUSES SEX REVERSAL IN GECKOS, TURTLES AND ALLIGATORS



SECTION III



CHROMOSOMES, HORMONES, BODY AND BEHAVIOR IN AVIAN SPECIES



1 JAPANESE QUAIL, FINCHES ETC., J. BALTHAZART ET. AL. PUBLICATIONS

2 POST-NATAL DEMASCULINIZATION OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR

3 CONTAMINANTS AND FEMINIZATION IN COMMON TERNS

4 EXAMPLE, TOPICAL SEARCH, ZEBRA FINCH SEX DIMORPHIC BEHAVIOR

5 EXAMPLE, TOPICAL SEARCH, SEX REVERSAL AND SAME-SEX PARTNERING IN 
ZEBRA FINCHES 

6 EXAMPLE, TOPICAL SEARCH, SEX REVERSAL IN FOWL

7 EXAMPLE, TOPICAL SEARCH, SEX REVERSAL CHICKEN

8 XX - TO - MALE SEX REVERSAL IN CHICKENS

9 SEX REVERSAL IN CHICKEN GONADS

10 TEXT REFERENCE, OVARY TRANSFORMATION INTO FERTILE TESTES IN XX FOWL

11 TEXT REFERENCE, "GROUP SEX RATIO AND SEX REVERSAL"

12 TEXT REFERENCE, "SPONTANEOUS" SEX REVERSAL, MALE BIRD GONAD 
CULTURE 

13 "SEX REVERSAL IN BIRDS"





SECTION IV



CHROMOSOMES, HORMONES, BODY AND BEHAVIOR IN RODENT SPECIES



1 EXAMPLE, TOPICAL SEARCH, MICE SEX REVERSAL

2 EXAMPLE, TOPICAL SEARCH, MICE SEX REVERSAL

3 FETAL ESTROGENS EFFECT BEHAVIOR OF ADULT MALE MICE

4 XY FEMALE MICE OUT- BREED XX FEMALES OF A. AZARAE

5 MALE COPULATORY BEHAVIOR IN ANDROGENIZED XX MICE

6 ERROR, SAME PAGE AS ABOVE

7 FETAL HORMONE EFFECTS ON SEX BEHAVIOR AND AGGRESSION IN MICE

8 TEXT REFERENCE, MALE COPULATORY RESPONSE PATTERN IN MASCULINIZED XX 
HAMSTERS

9 PRENATAL HORMONES ORGANIZE SEX DIFFERENCES, OBSERVATIONS ON GUINEA 
PIGS AND NONHUMAN PRIMATES

10 SEXUAL DIFFERENTIATION OF THE RAT BRAIN

11 SLOS DISORDERS OF MASCULINATION, AN ANIMAL MODEL, RATS

12 EARLY ANDROGEN SYNDROME IN FEMALE AND MALE RATS

13 SEXUAL ORIENTATION, PROCEPTIVITY, AND RECEPTIVITY IN THE MALE RAT 
AS A FUNCTION OF NEONATAL HORMONAL MANIPULATION 

14 TEXT REFERENCE, "HORMONAL CONTROL OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF SEXUAL 
BEHAVIOR IN ANDROGEN-INSENSITIVE (TFM) RATS"

15 NEONATALLY ANDROGENIZED XX RATS DISPLAY MALE-LIKE MOUNTING, 
INTROMISSION AND EJACULATION PATTERNS





SECTION V



CHROMOSOMES, HORMONES, BODY AND BEHAVIOR IN CANINE AND OTHER 
CARNIVOROUS MAMMALIAN SPECIES



1 XX FERRETS' BEHAVIOR MASCULINIZED BY FETAL ANDROGENS

2 SEX BEHAVIOR OF FEMALE FERRETS MASCULINIZED BY FETAL ANDROGENS

3 EXAMPLE, TOPICAL SEARCH, INTERSEX IN DOGS, GENETIC AND HORMONAL

4 EXAMPLE, TOPICAL SEARCH, INTERSEX IN DOGS AND CATS, HORMONES ETC.

5 "TRUE HERMAPHRODITE" DOGS (MIXED GONADS)

6 SEX-REVERSED TRAITS ACTIVATED BY HORMONE IN XX HYENAS

7 TEXT REFERENCE, "CHROMOSOME STUDIES IN 14 CASES OF INTERSEX IN 
DOMESTIC MAMMALS"

8 TEXT REFERENCE, "USE OF THE SEX-REVERSED GENE (Sxr) TO INVESTIGATE 
FUNCTIONAL SEX REVERSAL AND GONADAL DETERMINATION IN MAMMALS"





SECTION VI



CHROMOSOMES, HORMONES, BODY AND BEHAVIOR IN OVINE AND OTHER SPECIES



1 EXAMPLE, TOPICAL SEARCH, EFFECTS OF PRENATAL ANDROGENS ON XX SHEEP

2 TEXT REFERENCE, PRENATAL TESTOSTERONE COMPLETELY MASCULINIZES XX 
OFFSPRING

3 HORMONES AND 5 INTERSEX PIGS WITH OVOTESTES

4 XY SEX-REVERSED FEMALE PIGS

5 BOVINE XY SEX-REVERSED FEMALE







SECTION VII



CHROMOSOMES, HORMONES, BODY AND BEHAVIOR IN PRIMATES



1 A SOURCE REFERENCE, U. S. NATIONAL INSTITUTES OF HEALTH, 
PRIMATOLOGIST LUCI R. ROBERTS, AREA OF INTEREST, BEHAVIORAL 
ENDOCRINOLOGY ETC., IN MARMOSETS 

2 MARSUPIAL SEX REVERSAL

3 "THE SEXUAL BEHAVIOR OF THE PRIMATES"

4 CHILDREN AND MONKEY COGNATE GENDER DIFFERENCES

5 GENITAL AND BEHAVIORAL MASCULINIZATION IN XX RHESUS IS INDEPENDENT

6 PRENATAL ANDROGENS MASCULINIZE XX RHESUS JUVENILE PLAY BEHAVIOR

7 THE SEXUALLY DIMORPHIC BRAIN IN MACAQUES 

8 POSTNATAL TESTOSTERONE AFFECTS PENILE GROWTH, BUT NOT BEHAVIOR

9 XX RHESUS HERMAPHRODITES ACHEIVE INTROMISSION AND EJACULATION, BUT 
MAY ALSO RESPOND TO ESTROGENIZATION.

10 MIXED RESULTS IN HORMONE STUDY OF 22 ADULT RHESUS

11 MALE-TYPICAL BEHAVIOR IN PRENATALLY ANDROGENIZED XX RHESUS 
COMPARED TO "LOWER MAMMALS"

12 SEXUALLY FUNCTIONAL XX MALE RHESUS WITH VAGINOPLASTY RESPONSIVE TO 
MALE ( compiler's note, this is one of the studies in this survey 
which I find particularly immoral )

13 PRENATAL TESTOSTERONE EFFECTS ON JUVENILE MACAQUE SOCIAL BEHAVIOR

14 PRENATAL ANDROGEN EXPOSURE AND MASCULINE ADULT BEHAVIOR, RHESUS

15 BOTH INFANT AND ADULT DIMORPHIC BEHAVIORS ORGANIZED BY PRENATAL 
ACTIONS OF ANDROGEN

16 PRENATAL ENDOCRINE FACTORS IN BEHAVIORAL DIFFERENTIATION OF MALE 
AND FEMALE RHESUS

17 EXAMPLE, TOPICAL SEARCH, PRIMATE SEX LINKED BEHAVIOR

18 EXAMPLE, TOPICAL SEARCH, PRIMATE SEX LINKED BEHAVIOR

19 EXAMPLE, TOPICAL SEARCH, PRIMATE SEX LINKED BEHAVIOR 





SECTIONS VIII THROUGH XIII



HUMAN STUDIES, SEX DIFFERENTIATION AND BEHAVIOR, SEX REVERSAL AND 
INTERSEX



SECTION VIII



CHROMOSOMES, HORMONES, BODY AND BEHAVIOR IN THE HUMAN SPECIES



VIII A. SOME DEFINITIONS, SOURCES AND EXPERTS



1 MEDICAL EXPERTISE AVAILABLE, NORTH AMERICAN TASK FORCE ON 
INTERSEXUALITY

2 INTERSEX SOCIETY OF NORTH AMERICA INFORMATION SHEET...HOW COMMON IS 
INTERSEXUALITY ? STATISTICS, TOTALS RANGE FROM 1/100 to 1-2/1000 
BIRTHS



3. a INTERSEX SOCIETY OF NORTH AMERICA MISSION STATEMENT, EXAMPLE OF 
NEW INTERSEX SUPPORT GROUPS AND RIGHTS ACTIVISM

b "INTERSEX IN THE AGE OF ETHICS" ALICE DOMURAT DREGER, Ph. D.

c ISNA INFORMATION SHEET, INTERSEXUALITY AND THE LAW

d SEPARATE ADDITIONAL FOLDER, ARTICLE REPRINTS 



4 ISNA NOTES ON THE TREATMENT OF INTERSEX AND 'PHALL-O-METER' 

5 CHANGING THE NOMENCLATURE/TAXONOMY FOR INTERSEX: A PROPOSAL 
SUBMITTED TO THE NORTH AMERICAN TASK FORCE ON INTERSEX



VIII B. CHROMOSOMES AND SEX DIFFERENTIATION, SEX REVERSAL AND 
INTERSEX



6 THE NEED FOR CHROMOSOMAL ANALYSIS IN ALL PATIENTS WITH BILATERAL OR 
UNILATERAL CRYPTORCHIDISM 

7 DAX 1 IN MAMMALIAN SEX DETERMINATION

8 MAMMALIAN SEX DIFFERENTIATION FROM GONADS TO BRAIN

9 SOMATIC MOSAICISM AND VARIABLE EXPRESSIVITY

10 INTERSEX STATES 27-100% IN HYPOSPADIAS AND CRYPTORCHIDISM, GENERAL 
CHROMOSOMAL SCREENING NOT FOUND NECCESSARY

11 GENOTYPE MAY NOT PREDICT PHENOTYPE

12 FREQUENCY OF GENETIC ANOMALIES IN INFERTILITY, (INCLUDING XY WOMEN)

13 US SURVEY CHROMOSOMAL DISORDERS

14 CHROMOSOMAL ANALYSIS OF 894 PATIENTS

15 INCIDENCE OF MOSAICISM, CHORIONIC VILLUS SAMPLING

16 CHROMOSOMAL VARIANTS AMONG 1790 INFERTILE MEN

17 CARRIERS OF 21-HYDROXYLASE DEFICIENCY, ACTH ADRENAL TESTS

18 EXAMPLE, TOPICAL SEARCH, INTERSEX TURNER'S SYNDROME 



VIII C. INTERSEX, GENDER IDENTITY, BEHAVIOR AND SEXUAL ORIENTATION



19 "SEXUAL ORIENTATION TOWARD BIOLOGICAL UNDERSTANDING" EDITED BY LEE 
ELLIS AND LINDA EBERTZ...SELECTED PRESENTATIONS FROM THE "FIRST 
INTERNATIONAL BEHAVIORAL DEVELOPMENT SYMPOSIUM: BIOLOGICAL BASIS OF 
SEXUAL ORIENTATION AND SEX-TYPICAL BEHAVIOR"

20 "COGNITIVE GENDER DIFFERENCES IN VERY YOUNG CHILDREN PARALLEL 
BIOLOGICALLY BASED COGNITIVE GENDER DIFFERENCES IN MONKEYS"

21 GENDER IDENTITY ACHEIVED AT ABOUT 2 YEARS OF AGE

22 NORMAL SEXUAL DIMORPHISM OF THE HUMAN BRAIN AS ASSESSED BY MRI

23 SEX DIFFERENTIATION IN BRAIN MATURATION, AN MRI STUDY

24 THE ROLE OF HORMONES IN THE SEX DIFFERENTIATION OF THE CENTRAL 
NERVOUS SYSTEM IN ANIMAL AND MAN, FETAL ANDROGENS MASCULINIZE XX 
BEHAVIOR, BUT OTHER FACTORS HAVE INFLUENCE TOO

25 SEX ASSIGNMENT AND GENDER IDENTITY, INTERSEX AND GENDER IDENTITY 
DISORDERS (GID) ARE DIFFERENT DX

26 ASSIGNMENT OF SEX IN NEONATES WITH AMBIGUOUS GENITALIA

27 TEXT REFERENCE, RE: EDITORIAL - GENDER ASSIGNMENT AND THE 
PEDIATRIC UROLOGIST 

28 TEXT REFERENCE, THE INTERSEX INFANT: EARLY GENDER ASSIGNMENT AND 
SURGICAL RECONSTRUCTION

29 TEXT REFERENCE, TO BE MALE OR FEMALE -THAT IS THE QUESTION

30 MASCULNIZING OPERATION FOR A 25 YEAR OLD 'FEMALE' WITH CAH 
("PENILE ERECTION" IN XX MAN)

31 13 YEAR OLD XY INTERSEX REJECTS FEMALE SEX ASSIGNMENT AND 
UNDERGOES SEX CHANGE ("GENDER IDENTITY REVERSAL" !) TO MALE

32 SEXUAL BEHAVIORS, SEXUAL ORIENTATION AND GENDER IDENTITY IN ADULT 
INTERSEXUALS: A PILOT STUDY

33 GENDER IDENTITY DISORDER (GID) AND MAL ADJUSTMENT IN AN INTERSEX 
CHILD ASSIGNED FEMALE

34 LONG TERM PSYCHOLOGICAL EVALUATION OF INTERSEX CHILDREN

35 PSYCHOSOCIAL ADAPTATION OF 39 ADOLESCENTS WITH SEX CHROMOSOMAL 
ABNORMALITIES 

36 THE CONCEPT OF GENDER IDENTITY DISORDER IN CHILDHOOD AND 
ADOLESCENCE AFTER 39 YEARS

37 GENDER IDENTITY DISORDER: A REVIEW OF THE LAST 10 YEARS

38 CASE STUDY: SEX REASSIGNMENT IN A TEENAGE INTERSEX GIRL WHO 
DECLARED HIMSELF MALE AT THE AGE OF 14

39 GID TRANSEXUALISM IN FEMALE MONOZYGOTIC TWINS...GENETIC BASIS IN 
THIS CASE ?

40 EXAMPLE, TOPICAL SEARCH, INTERSEXUALITY, GENDER ASSIGNMENT, GID

41 EXAMPLE, TOPICAL SEARCH, GID, TRANSEXUALISM, HERMAPHRODITISM

42 EXAMPLE, TOPICAL SEARCH, INTERSEX AND GID

43 EXAMPLE, TOPICAL SEARCH, INTERSEX AND TRANSGENDERED SUPPORT GROUPS 

44 EXAMPLE, TOPICAL SEARCH, INTERSEX HUMAN



SECTIONS IX THROUGH XIII



SPECIFIC HUMAN INTERSEX AND NATURAL SEX REVERSAL CONDITIONS



SECTION IX



KLINEFELTER SYNDROME



1 EXCERPT, A GUIDE FOR XXY MALES AND THEIR FAMILIES

2 EXAMPLE, TOPICAL SEARCH, KLINEFELTERS SYNDROME FREQUENCY 

3 EXAMPLE, TOPICAL SEARCH, KLINEFELTERS SYNDROME





SECTION X



'TRUE' HERMAPHRODITISM (TH)



1 EXAMPLE, TOPICAL SEARCH, TRUE HERMAPHRODITISM CLINICAL FEATURES, 
GENETIC VARIANTS, GONADAL HISTOLOGY

2 409 CASES REVIEWED, COMMON TYPES, XX TYPE 54% MALE PHENOTYPE, XX 
TYPE 46% FEMALE PHENOTYPE

3 41 CASES REVIEWED, 25 RAISED AS MALES, 16 RAISED AS FEMALES

4 XX MALES, GENETIC HETEROGENEITY IN TRUE HERMAPHRODITES

5 SEX ASSIGNMENT OF 8 TRUE HERMAPHRODITES

6 PROBLEMS OF DIAGNOSIS AND MANAGEMENT IN OLDER TH PATIENTS

7 ADULT MALE DIAGNOSED AS XX TH

8 16 CASES OF TH, CLINICAL ASPECTS AND MOLECULAR STUDIES

9 20 YEAR OLD PHENOTYPICAL WOMAN WITH OVOTESTES 

10 PREGNANCY IN A 19 YEAR OLD TH

11 PREGNANCY AND CHILDBIRTH IN A 25 YEAR OLD TH 

12 NET SEARCH, BIOGRAPHY OF A TRUE HERMAPHRODITE ACTIVIST



SECTION XI



BIOLOGICAL SEX REVERSAL SYNDROMES AND INTERSEX



XI A. XX SEX-REVERSED MALE CONDITIONS AND CAH-RELATED INTERSEX



XI A. 1-8, SUBSECTION - XX SEX-REVERSED MALES, REPRESENTATIVE CASES



1 25 CLASS-3 XX MALES STUDIED

2 XX MALE INFANT, TESTICLES AND MALE PHENOTYPE

3 37 YEAR OLD XX MAN SEEKS TREATMENT FOR INFERTILITY

4 TWO COMPLETE, ONE PARTIAL XX MALE SEX REVERSAL CASES

5 32 YEAR OLD PHENOTYPICALLY NORMAL MAN SEEKS TREATMENT FOR 
INFERTILITY, DIAGNOSED AS XX SEX-REVERSED MALE

6 XX MALE SEX REVERSAL, SIGNALING MOLECULE Wnt-4 IN MICE AND HUMAN XX 
AND XY SEX REVERSAL

7 TEXT REFERENCE, THE XX MALE SYNDROME

8 15 YEAR OLD XX MALE, FETAL ANDROGENIZATION TRACED TO MOTHER'S 
ADRENAL CORTICAL TUMOR



XI A. 9-15, SUBSECTION - XX MASCULINIZATION DUE TO FETAL ANDROGENS



9 BEHAVIORAL MASCULINIZATION IS INDEPENDENT OF GENITAL 
MASCULINIZATION ...RHESUS STUDY INCLUDED HERE DUE TO PARALLELS IN ALL 
RELATED HUMAN STUDIES SHOWING TWO DIFFERENT CRITICAL PERIODS IN XX 
FETAL DEVELOPMENT, ONE GENITAL, ONE NEUROLOGICAL

10 PRENATAL SEX HORMONES AND GENDER TYPICAL / ATYPICAL PLAY IN HUMAN 
CHILDREN AND OTHER MAMMALS

11 PRENATAL ANDROGEN EFFECTS ON MASCULINE AND FEMININE LESBIAN 
BEHAVIOR

12 PRENATAL HORMONES, SEX-ROLE, SEX IDENTITY AND ORIENTATION

13 22 PRENATALLY ANDROGENIZED WOMEN STUDIED, SIGNIFICANT GENDER 
DIFFERENCES OBSERVED

14 PRENATAL DES EXPOSURE MAY EFFECT BISEXUAL ORIENTATION

15 PRENATAL DES MASCULINIZES LOWER MAMMALS, BUT AT LOW DOSES DOES NOT 
SEEM TO EFFECT HUMANS



XI A. 16-42, SUBSECTION - XX MALES AND CONGENITAL ADRENAL HYPERPLASIA 
(CAH) RELATED CONDITIONS



16 51 CVAH PATIENTS REVIEWED, 45 MANAGED AS FEMALE AND 6 AS MALE

17 2 XX CAH MALES WITH COMPLETE MASCULINIZATION OF EXTERNAL GENITALIA 

18 TEXT REFERENCE, CAH AND COMPLETE MASCULINIZATION AS ALTERNATIVE DX

19 XX PRENATAL ANDROGEN EFFECTS ON COGNITION, ADVANTAGES AND 
DISADVANTAGES 

20 DISORDERS OF GONADAL DIFFERENTIATION

21 35 XX CAH FEMALES' BEHAVIOR COMPARED TO 16 NORMAL SISTERS, RESULTS 
CONFIRM DIFFERENT CRITICAL PRENATAL PERIODS FOR GENITAL AND 
BEHAVIORAL MASCULINIZATION (compare to rhesus study above, this, XI 
A. 9 )

22 EXAMPLE, TOPICAL SEARCH, FEMINIZING GENITOPLASTY / VAGINAL 
CONSTRUCTION

23 TEXT REFERENCE, GENDER IDENTITY IN FEMALE PATIENTS WITH CAH

24 SW AND SV XX CAH PATIENTS COMPARED FOR MASCULINIZATION OF 
BEHAVIOR, RESULTS CONFIRM EFFECTS OF TWO DIFFERENT CRITICAL PRENATAL 
HORMONAL ENVIRONMENT PERIODS

25 34 CAH FEMALES COMPARED TO 14 CONTROL SISTERS FOR SEXUAL BEHAVIOR 
AND ORIENTATION, RESULTS CONFIRM PRENATAL HORMONE - HOMOSEXUAL LINK

26 33 XX FEMALE CAH PATIENTS COMPARED TO 14 CONTROL SISTERS, PRENATAL 
ANDROGENIZATION EFFECTS CONFIRMED IN BODY POSITIONING AND MOVEMENT 

27 4 XX CAH FEMALES AGES 28-30 CHOOSE MALE GENDER REASSIGNMENT (This 
study, like some others provided in this survey, shows a biased 
interpretation of results.)

28 90% CORRELATION OF PRENATAL ANDROGEN EXPOSURE TO SEX DIMORPHIC 
PLAY IN CHILDREN 

29 GENDER LABELS AND PLAY STYLES IN CHILDREN'S SELECTION OF 
PLAYMATES, MALES CHOOSE FEMALES WITH MASCULINE PLAY STYLES OVER MALES 
WITH FEMININE PLAY STYLES, ETC.

30 EFFECTS OF PRENATAL ANDROGEN ON THE PSYCHOSEXUAL DIFFERENTIATION 
OF XX CAH FEMALES

31 23 XX CAH FEMALES IN SYSTEMATIC BEHAVIORAL STUDY, RESULTS CONFIRM 
PRENATAL MASCULINIZATION OF BEHAVIOR

32 EARLY ANDROGEN EFFECTS ON AGGRESSION, RESULTS CONFIRM CAH FEMALES' 
HIGHER ( MASCULINE) AGGRESSION SCORES IN ADOLESCENTS AND ADULTS. 

33 24 XX CAH GIRLS AND 18 XY CAH BOYS COMPARED WITH 40 CONTROLS FOR 
SEX-TYPED ACTIVITY AND OCCUPATION 
PREFERENCES, RESULTS REFLECT DIRECT EFFECTS OF ANDROGENS ON THE 
DEVELOPING BRAIN

34 ANDROGEN AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF HUMAN SEX-TYPICAL BEHAVIOR, 
MASCULINIZED CAH GIRLS

35 LONG TERM EFFECTS OF PRENATAL AND POSTNATAL ANDROGENS, AND OTHER 
FACTORS, ON THE LOW RATES OF CHILD-BEARING IN XX CAH FEMALES, 
INCREASED RATE OF BI AND HOMOSEXUAL ORIENTATION DISCUSSED, AND ADULT 
CHOICE OF GENDER REASSIGNMENT TO MALE MENTIONED (This paper has a 
reference section)

36 48 XX CAH FEMALES EVALUATED FOR GENITAL SURGERY RESULTS, SECOND 
SURGERY NECESSARY IN 30 % OF CASES (Bias evident in positive 
interpretation of results)



XI A. 16-42, SUBSECTION - CONTINUED



37 7 XX PATIENTS, 4 REARED AS GIRLS, AND 3 AS BOYS, STUDIED FOR 
PSYCHO-SEXUAL OUT-COME, AUTHORS PREFER FEMALE ASSIGNMENT IN CASE OF 
SMALL PENIS 

38 13 OUT OF 14 XX CAH FEMALES NEED ADDITIONAL 
SURGERY, "DISSAPOINTING RESULTS" OF EARLY VAGINOPLASTY

39 49 PATIENTS WITH FEMINIZING GENITOPLASTY HAVE "SUCCESSFUL COSMETIC 
AND EARLY FUNCTIONAL RESULTS"...BUT SHOULD BE EVALUATED AFTER PUBERTY 
AND IN ADULTHOOD (Shows the profound non-patient centered bias of the 
authors)

40 OUTCOME OF CAH This study shows bias in the choice of subjects, 
including no intersex or male self-identified subjects. Authors 
concluded (despite 66.7 % singleness), that there was no increased 
homosexual preference.

41 BENEFITS OF NEONATAL SCREENING FOR CAH, STATISTICS SHOW DECREASED 
MORTALITY DUE TO ADRENAL CRISIS, BUT NO IMPROVEMENT IN THE NUMBER (17 
%) OF XX INFANTS INITIALLY CONSIDERED TO BE BOYS, ROUTINE SCREENING 
ADVISED

42 150 CAH PATIENTS REVIEWED, 67 XY AND 83 XX, PREVALENCE IN GENERAL 
POPULATION 1 IN 11,500, GENDER ASSIGNMENT A "MAJOR PROBLEM" IN 38 OF 
57 XX PATIENTS, 15 CONSIDERED MALE FOR OVER A MONTH, PRIOR TO CAH 
DIAGNOSIS



XI A., 43-48, SUBSECTION - PREVALENCE OF CAH, SCREENING 
RECOMMENDATIONS AND TOPICAL SEARCHES



43 EXAMPLE, TOPICAL SEARCH, NEONATAL SCREENING FOR CAH, AND RESULTS 
OF SCREENING 1.9 MILLION TEXAS NEWBORNS...1 IN 16,008

44 EXAMPLE, TOPICAL SEARCH, GENDER ASSIGNMENT AND SURGERY IN XX CAH

45 EXAMPLE, TOPICAL SEARCH, CONGENITAL ADRENAL HYPERPLASIA MALES SEX 
REVERSAL

46 EXAMPLE, TOPICAL SEARCH, CAH MALES, LONG TERM OUTCOMES

47 EXAMPLE, TOPICAL SEARCH, ANDROGENS AND GENDER IDENTITY, SURGERY, 
AND GENDER ROLE BEHAVIOR IN XX CAH PATIENTS

48 CAH XX PATIENTS AND EARLY ANDROGEN EFFECTS ON SEX-TYPED 
ACTIVITIES,SEXUAL IDENTITY, ETC.



XI B. XY SEX-REVERSED FEMALE, MALE UTERUS CONDITIONS AND AIS-RELATED 
INTERSEX CONDITIONS



XI B. 1-14, SUBSECTION - XY SEX-REVERSED FEMALES AND OTHER INTERSEX 
CONDITIONS



1 TWO SUCCESSFUL PREGNANCIES IN AN XY SEX-REVERSED FEMALE PATIENT 

2 UTERINE STRUCTURES IN 2 PHENOTYPIC XY MEN 

3 UTERINE STRUCTURE IN A 32 YEAR OLD XY HERMAPHRODITE

4 UTERUS AND FALLOPIAN TUBES IN PHENOTYPICALLY NORMAL XY MEN, 
MOLECULAR STUDIES IDENTIFY BASIS OF CONDITION IN 32 FAMILIES

5 10 YEAR OLD GIRL GROWS PHALLUS, GENETIC STUDY REVEALS XY KARYOTYPE

6 ABNORMAL INTERCHANGE BETWEEN X AND Y RESPONSIBLE FOR 1/3 OF (Y+) XX 
MALE AND (Y-) XY FEMALE SEX REVERSALS

7 GENETIC HETEROGENEITY AND PHENOTYPIC VARIABILITY IN XY SEX REVERSAL

8 22 XY SEX-REVERSED FEMALES, GENETIC ANALYSIS

9 2 XY SEX-REVERSED FEMALES, GENETIC ANALYSIS COMPARES PRIMATE SEX 
REVERSAL GENES

10 GENETIC HETEROGENEITY IN 6 XY PHENOTYPIC SEX-REVERSED FEMALES

11 49 SUBJECTS WITH VARYING DEGREES OF XY SEX REVERSAL STUDIED

12 10 YEAR OLD WITH MULTIPLE DEFORMATIES FOUND TO BE XY SEX-REVERSED

13 XY FEMALE SEX REVERSAL, KEY GENES IN HUMANS AND MICE

14 TEXT REFERENCE, SEX REVERSAL AND DIAPHRAGMATIC HERNIA IN 
PHENOTYPICALLY FEMALE SIBLINGS WITH NORMAL XY CHROMOSOMES



XI B. 15-18, SUBSECTION - MISCELLANEOUS DISORDERS OF MASCULINIZATION



15 CANCER RISK IN INTERSEX TESTES (Reason for preventative 
gonadectomies)

16 XY FEMINIZED BOYS, EFFECTS OF PRENATAL METHADONE ON SEX-DIMORPHIC 
BEHAVIOR IN EARLY SCHOOL AGE CHILDREN

17 AN ANIMAL MODEL OF SLOS DISORDERS OF MASCULINIZATION

18 EXAMPLE, TOPICAL SEARCH, GENES IN HUMAN AND MAMMALIAN SEX 
DETERMINATION



XI B. 19-24, SUBSECTION - XY FEMALES AND ANDROGEN INSENSITIVITY 
SYNDROME (AIS)



19 PHENOTYPE VARIATION IN A FAMILY WITH AIS

20 PHENOTYPIC DIVERSITY IN A KINDRED WITH AIS

21 XY FEMALE, A CASE REPORT OF COMPLETE AIS

22 EMOTIONAL REACTIONS TO DIAGNOSIS OF AIS, 20 PATIENTS, 19 RAISED AS 
GIRLS, SHOCK, GRIEF ANGER AND SHAME

23 COMPLETE AIS, 14 XY WOMEN SATISFIED WITH HAVING BEEN RAISED AS 
FEMALES, AUTHORS NOTE INTERSEX CARE CONTROVERSY

24 TEXT REFERENCE, MALE PSEUDOHERMAPHRODITISM DUE TO ANDROGEN 
INSENSITIVITY 



XI B. 25 and 26, SUBSECTION - AIS SUPPORT GROUP, PERSONAL TESTIMONY 
FROM AIS WOMEN AND MISCELLANEOUS SEARCH



25 THE ANDROGEN INSENSITIVITY SYNDROME SUPPORT GROUP, SHERRI'S STORY, 
PERSONAL STORIES OF 35 PEOPLE LIVING WITH AIS (Permission to use 
copyrighted material and personal stories) 

26 EXAMPLE, TOPICAL SEARCH, COMPLETE ANDROGEN INSENSITIVITY SYNDROME





SECTION XII 



PENILE CONDITIONS, FEMALE ASSIGNMENT AND PENILE CONSTRUCTION



1 HYPOSPADIAS IN MEN AND BOYS, ESTIMATES RANGING FROM 1 PER 100 TO 1 
PER 1000 IN GENERAL POPULATION, 

ENVIRONMENTAL ESTROGENS RESPONSIBLE FOR DOUBLING OF MALE REPRODUCTIVE 
PROBLEMS OVER THE PAST 25 YEARS ? 
TREATMENT RECOMMENDATIONS

2 TEXT REFERENCE, MICROPENIS: SURVEY OF 88 CASES

3 TEXT REFERENCE, SHOULD BOYS WITH MICROPENIS BE RAISED AS GIRLS ?

4 MOST CHILDREN WITH MICROPENIS RESOND TO TESTOSTERONE TREATMENT, 
THUS SEXUAL REASSIGNMENT NOT INDICATED

5 WHEN MICROPENIS RESPONDS TO TESTOSTERONE TREATMENT, SURGICAL SEX 
REVERSAL IS NOT INDICATED

6 MICROPENIS IN CHILDREN: ETIOLOGY, DIAGNOSIS AND THERAPY

7 FEMALE GENDER ASSIGNMENT GOAL OF TREATMENT FOR PENILE AGENESIS

8 WHAT IF PARENTS DON'T WANT THEIR MICROPENIS BOY SURGICALLY 
FEMINIZED ? ETHICAL CONFLICTS REGARDING PARENTS WHO REFUSE TO PROCEED 
WITH FEMALE GENDER REASSIGNMENT FOR THEIR INTERSEX XY BABY

9 VAGINAL CONSTRUCTION IN CHILDREN, 20 PATIENTS EVALUATED

10 DIAGNOSIS AND CURRENT TREATMENT OF PENILE AGENESIS, FEMALE 
ASSIGNMENT AND VAGINAL CONSTRUCTION RECOMMENDED

11 PENILE AGENESIS, FATAL VARIATION INCOMPATIBLE WITH EXTRA UTERINE 
LIFE

12 SRD52A GENE MUTATIONS SPAN WHOLE RANGE OF PHENOTYPES FROM 
COMPLETELY FEMALE TO NORMAL MALE WITHOUT DISTINCTIVE CLINICAL SIGNS 
OF THE DISEASE

13 PHALLIC CONSTRUCTION IN PREPUBERTAL AND ADOLESCENT BOYS

14 PHALLIC CONSTRUCTION IN A 65 YEAR OLD MALE PSEUDOHERMAPHRODITE

15 PENILE RECONSTRUCTION, PHALLIC CONSTRUCTION AND URETHRAL 
RECONSTRUCTION, FOREARM FLAPS AND SKIN ISLANDS

16 EXAMPLE, TOPICAL SEARCH, MICROPENIS AND RELATED DISORDERS



SECTION XIII

TURNER'S SYNDROME AND OTHER INTERSEX CONDITIONS

1 TURNER'S SYNDROME CLINICAL STUDIES AT THE US NATIONAL INSTITUTES OF 
HEALTH

2 EXAMPLE, TOPICAL SEARCH, TURNER'S SYNDROME SEX

3 EXAMPLE, TOPICAL SEARCH, TURNER'S SYNDROME SEX, MOSAICS, PHENOTYPE

4 EMMA, A XY/XO MOSAIC HERMAPHRODITE

5 OEIS COMPLEX - A POPULATION STUDY, 5,260 INFANTS IDENTIFIED